The First Battle of Geok Tepe (1879) occurred during the Russian conquest of Turkestan, marking a significant conflict against the Akhal Tekke Turkmens. Following Russia's victories over the Emirate of Bukhara (1868) and the Khanate of Khiva (1873), the Turkoman desert nomads remained independent, inhabiting an area bordered by the Caspian Sea, the Oxus River, and the Persian border. The Tekke Turkomans, primarily agriculturalists, were located near the Kopet Dagh mountains, which provided a natural defense alongside the oasis.

In the lead-up to the battle, General Lazerev replaced the previously unsuccessful Nikolai Lomakin, assembling a force of 18,000 men and 6,000 camels at Chikishlyar. The plan involved a march through the desert towards the Akhal Oasis, aiming to establish a supply base at Khoja Kale before attacking Geok Tepe. The logistical challenges were significant, including slow supply landings at Chikishlyar and the hardships of desert travel during an unfavorable season. Despite preparations, the campaign faced early setbacks with Lazerev's death in August, leading Lomakin to take command.

Lomakin's advance began with a crossing of the Kopet Dagh mountains and a march towards Geok Tepe, known locally as Denghil Tepe. Upon reaching the fortress, densely populated with defenders and civilians, Lomakin initiated a bombardment. The assault on September 8 was poorly executed, lacking in preparation such as scaling ladders and sufficient infantry, leading to heavy casualties on both sides. The Turkmen, led by Berdi Murad Khan who was killed during the battle, managed to repel the Russian forces despite significant losses.

The Russian retreat marked a failed attempt at conquering Geok Tepe, with Lomakin's tactics criticized for their haste and lack of strategic planning, resulting in unnecessary bloodshed. The Russians suffered 445 casualties, while the Tekkes had approximately 4,000 casualties (killed and wounded). The aftermath saw General Tergukasov replacing Lazarev and Lomakin, with most Russian troops withdrawing to the west side of the Caspian by year's end. This battle exemplified the challenges faced by imperial powers in conquering Central Asian territories, highlighting the logistical difficulties, the fierce resistance of local populations, and the consequences of military mismanagement.