King Yeongjo, the 21st monarch of the Joseon Dynasty, reigned for nearly 52 years, making him one of the longest-serving Korean monarchs. His reign, from 1724 to 1776, was characterized by efforts to stabilize the kingdom through reforms and to manage factional conflicts, particularly between the Noron and Soron factions.

Born to a low-born mother, Yeongjo faced resentment and political challenges due to his background. Despite this, he is celebrated for his commitment to Confucian values and governance. His reign saw significant advancements in Confucianization and economic recovery following the turmoil of the late 16th and early 17th centuries.

Yeongjo's Tangpyeong policy aimed to minimize factional fighting and foster national unity. He focused on tax reforms to alleviate burdens on commoners and enhance state finances. One of his most controversial and tragic decisions was the execution of his only son, Crown Prince Sado, in 1762, which remains a subject of debate and sorrow in Korean history.

The early years of Yeongjo's reign witnessed the Yi In-jwa Rebellion, instigated by a coalition of the Namin and excluded Soron factions. This uprising was quelled, and Yi In-jwa and his family were executed. Yeongjo's balanced approach to recruitment and administration aimed to reduce factional strife and promote efficient governance.

Yeongjo's reign saw the development of a vibrant economic and cultural life in Joseon. He supported the printing and distribution of important books in Hangul, including agricultural texts, which boosted literacy and education among commoners. Hanseong (present-day Seoul) flourished as a commercial hub, with increased mercantile activities and guild organizations. Traditional social divisions began to blur as yangban aristocrats and commoners alike engaged in commerce.

Yeongjo's administration also witnessed technological advances, such as the widespread use of the pluviometer and major public works projects. His policies upgraded the status of commoners, promoting social mobility and change.

Despite his achievements, Yeongjo's reign was not without its challenges. He faced health issues throughout his life and was the first monarch to act against the growing influence of Roman Catholicism in Korea, officially banning it in 1758. Yeongjo's reign ended with his death in 1776, leaving a legacy of a ruler who strove for a balanced and humane governance while navigating the complexities of court politics and social change.