Shi Lang, initially a military leader under Zheng Zhilong, later defected to the Qing dynasty after conflicts with Zheng Chenggong. As part of the Qing, Shi played a key role in campaigns against the Zheng forces, using his intimate knowledge of Zheng's internal workings. He rose through the ranks and was appointed as the naval commander of Fujian in 1662. Over the years, he consistently advocated for and led aggressive actions against the Zhengs, even clashing with the Dutch forces in his pursuits. By 1664, despite some successes, Shi couldn't completely eliminate the Zheng stronghold in mainland China.

Shi Lang proposed a strategic invasion of Taiwan, emphasizing the need for a pre-emptive strike on the Zhengs. However, disagreements on the approach with officials like Yao Qisheng led to bureaucratic tensions. Shi's plan focused on capturing Penghu first, but Yao proposed simultaneous attacks on multiple fronts. The Kangxi Emperor initially did not grant Shi full control over the invasion. Meanwhile, in Taiwan, internal strife and external pressures weakened the Zheng's position, leading to defections and further instability.

By 1683, Shi, now with a massive fleet and army, initiated the invasion of Taiwan. After some initial setbacks and tactical regrouping, Shi's forces decisively defeated the Zheng fleet in the bay of Magong, resulting in substantial Zheng casualties. Following this victory, the Qing forces quickly captured Penghu and subsequently Taiwan. The island's leadership, including Zheng Keshuang, formally surrendered, adopting Qing customs and effectively ending the Zheng's reign in Taiwan.