The history of India is characterized by its rich cultural diversity and complex history, stretching back over 5,000 years. Early civilizations like the Indus Valley Civilization were among the world's first and most advanced. India's history saw various dynasties and empires, such as the Maurya, Gupta, and Mughal Empires, each contributing to its rich tapestry of culture, religion, and philosophy.

The British East India Company began its trade in India during the 17th century, slowly expanding its influence. By the mid-19th century, India was effectively under British control. This period saw the implementation of policies that benefitted Britain at India's expense, leading to widespread discontent.

In response, a wave of nationalism swept across India in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru emerged, advocating for independence. Gandhi's approach of non-violent civil disobedience gained widespread support, while others like Subhas Chandra Bose believed in more assertive resistance. Key events like the Salt March and Quit India Movement galvanized public opinion against British rule.

The independence struggle culminated in 1947, but it was marred by the partition of India into two nations: India and Pakistan. This division was primarily due to religious differences, with Pakistan becoming a Muslim-majority nation and India having a Hindu-majority. The partition led to one of the largest human migrations in history and resulted in significant communal violence, deeply impacting the socio-political landscape of both nations.