India's engagement with the concept of non-alignment was rooted in its desire to avoid participation in the military aspects of a bipolar world, especially in the context of colonialism. This policy aimed at maintaining a degree of international autonomy and freedom of action. However, there was no universally accepted definition of non-alignment, leading to varied interpretations and applications by different politicians and governments. While the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) shared common aims and principles, member countries often struggled to achieve the desired level of independent judgment, particularly in areas such as social justice and human rights.

India's commitment to non-alignment faced challenges during various conflicts, including the wars of 1962, 1965, and 1971. The responses of non-aligned nations during these conflicts highlighted their positions on issues like secession and territorial integrity. Notably, the NAM's effectiveness as peacekeepers was limited during the Indo-China war in 1962 and the Indo-Pakistan war in 1965, despite meaningful attempts.

The 1971 Indo-Pakistan War and the Bangladesh Liberation War further tested the Non-Aligned Movement, with many member states prioritizing territorial integrity over human rights. This stance was influenced by the recent independence of many of these nations. During this period, India's non-aligned position was subject to criticism and scrutiny.^[32] Jawaharlal Nehru, who played a significant role in the movement, had resisted its formalization, and member nations did not have mutual assistance commitments.^[33] Additionally, the rise of countries like China reduced the incentive for non-aligned nations to support India.^[34]

Despite these challenges, India emerged as a key player in the Non-Aligned Movement. Its significant size, economic growth, and position in international diplomacy established it as one of the movement's leaders, especially among colonies and newly independent countries.^[35]