The Constitution of India, a pivotal document in the nation's history, was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949, and became effective on January 26, 1950.^[19] This constitution marked a significant transition from the Government of India Act 1935 to a new governing framework, transforming the Dominion of India into the Republic of India. One of the key steps in this transition was the repeal of previous acts of the British Parliament, ensuring India's constitutional independence, known as constitutional autochthony.^[20]

The Constitution of India established the country as a sovereign, socialist, secular,^[21] and democratic republic. It promised its citizens justice, equality, and liberty, and aimed to foster a sense of fraternity among them.^[22] Notable features of the Constitution included the introduction of universal suffrage, allowing all adults to vote. It also established a Westminster-style parliamentary system at both federal and state levels and set up an independent judiciary.^[23] It mandated reserved quotas or seats for "socially and educationally backward citizens" in education, employment, political bodies, and promotions.^[24] Since its enactment, the Constitution of India has undergone over 100 amendments, reflecting the evolving needs and challenges of the nation.^[25]