The Maccabean Revolt was a significant Jewish rebellion that took place from 167–160 BCE against the Seleucid Empire and its Hellenistic influence on Jewish life. The revolt was triggered by the oppressive actions of Seleucid King Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who banned Jewish practices, took control of Jerusalem, and desecrated the Second Temple. This repression led to the emergence of the Maccabees, a group of Jewish fighters led by Judas Maccabeus, who sought independence.

The rebellion began as a guerrilla movement in the Judean countryside, with the Maccabees raiding towns and challenging Greek officials. Over time, they developed a proper army and, in 164 BCE, captured Jerusalem. This victory marked a turning point, as the Maccabees cleansed the Temple and rededicated the altar, giving rise to the festival of Hanukkah. Although the Seleucids eventually relented and allowed the practice of Judaism, the Maccabees continued to fight for complete independence.

Judas Maccabeus's death in 160 BCE temporarily allowed the Seleucids to regain control, but the Maccabees, under the leadership of Judas's brother Jonathan Apphus, continued to resist. Internal divisions among the Seleucids and assistance from the Roman Republic eventually paved the way for the Maccabees to achieve true independence in 141 BCE, when Simon Thassi expelled the Greeks from Jerusalem. This revolt had a profound impact on Jewish nationalism, serving as an example of a successful campaign for political independence and resistance against anti-Jewish oppression.