By the late 1960s, around 500,000 Jews had left Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. Over a twenty-year period, approximately 850,000 Jews from Arab countries relocated, with 99% moving to Israel, France, and the Americas. This mass migration resulted in disputes over the substantial assets and properties they left behind, estimated at $150 billion before inflation.^[205] Currently, about 9,000 Jews reside in Arab states, mostly in Morocco and Tunisia.

Post-1967, the Soviet bloc (excluding Romania) severed diplomatic relations with Israel. This period saw antisemitic purges in Poland and increased Soviet antisemitism, prompting many Jews to emigrate to Israel. However, most were denied exit visas and faced persecution, with some becoming known as Prisoners of Zion.

Israel's victory in the Six-Day War allowed Jews access to significant religious sites for the first time in decades. They could enter the Old City of Jerusalem, pray at the Western Wall, and access the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron^[206] and Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem. Additionally, the Sinai oil fields were acquired, aiding Israel's energy self-sufficiency.

In 1968, Israel extended compulsory education to age 16 and initiated educational integration programs. Children from mainly Sephardi/Mizrahi neighborhoods were bused to middle schools in more affluent areas, a system that remained until after 2000.

In early 1969, following Levi Eshkol's death, Golda Meir became Prime Minister, winning the largest election percentage in Israeli history. She was the first female Prime Minister of Israel and the first woman to head a Middle Eastern state in modern times.^[207]

In September 1970, King Hussein of Jordan expelled the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from Jordan. Syrian tanks invaded Jordan to aid the PLO but withdrew after Israeli military threats. The PLO then relocated to Lebanon, significantly impacting the region and contributing to the Lebanese Civil War.

The 1972 Munich Olympics witnessed a tragic event where Palestinian terrorists killed two Israeli team members and took nine hostages. A failed German rescue attempt resulted in the deaths of the hostages and five hijackers. The three surviving terrorists were later released in exchange for hostages from a hijacked Lufthansa flight.^[208] In response, Israel launched air raids, a raid on PLO headquarters in Lebanon, and an assassination campaign against those responsible for the Munich massacre.