The Ghassulian culture, marking the beginning of the Chalcolithic period in Canaan, migrated into the region around 4500 BCE.^[7] Originating from an unknown homeland, they brought with them advanced metalworking skills, particularly in copper smithing, which was considered the most sophisticated of its time, although the specifics of their techniques and origins require further citation. Their craftsmanship bore similarities to artifacts from the later Maykop culture, suggesting a shared metalworking tradition. The Ghassulians primarily mined copper from the Cambrian Burj Dolomite Shale Unit, extracting the mineral malachite, predominantly at Wadi Feynan. The smelting of this copper occurred at sites within the Beersheba culture. They are also known for producing violin-shaped figurines, akin to those found in Cycladic culture and at Bark in North Mesopotamia, though more details about these artifacts are needed.

Genetic studies have linked the Ghassulians to the West Asian haplogroup T-M184, providing insights into their genetic lineage.^[8] The Chalcolithic period in this region concluded with the emergence of 'En Esur, an urban settlement on the southern Mediterranean coast, which marked a significant shift in the region's cultural and urban development.^[9]