Hassan Rouhani, elected as Iran's president in 2013 and re-elected in 2017, focused on recalibrating Iran's global relations. He aimed for greater openness and international trust,^[138] particularly regarding Iran's nuclear program. Despite criticism from conservative factions like the Revolutionary Guards, Rouhani pursued policies of dialogue and engagement. Rouhani's public image varied, with high approval ratings post-nuclear deal, but challenges in maintaining support due to economic expectations.

Rouhani's economic policy centered on long-term development, focusing on increasing public purchasing power, controlling inflation, and reducing unemployment.^[139] He planned to regenerate the Management and Planning Organization of Iran and control inflation and liquidity.

In terms of culture and media, Rouhani faced criticism for not having complete control over internet censorship. He advocated for greater freedom in private lives and access to information.^[140] Rouhani supported women's rights, appointing women and minorities to high positions, but faced skepticism about creating a ministry for women.^[141]

Human rights under Rouhani were a contentious issue, with criticisms of the high number of executions and limited progress in addressing systemic issues. However, he made symbolic gestures, like freeing political prisoners and appointing a diverse range of ambassadors.^[142]

In foreign policy, Rouhani's tenure was marked by efforts to repair ties with neighboring countries^[143] and engage in nuclear negotiations. His administration worked on improving relations with the UK^[144] and cautiously navigated complex relations with the United States. Rouhani continued Iran's support for Bashar al-Assad in Syria and engaged in regional dynamics, especially with Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Israel.^[145]