2011 Egyptian Revolution
EgyptThe Egyptian Crisis from 2011 to 2014 was a tumultuous period marked by political upheaval and social unrest. It began with the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, part of the Arab Spring, where widespread protests against President Hosni Mubarak's 30-year rule erupted. The primary grievances were police brutality, state corruption, economic issues, and lack of political freedom. These protests led to Mubarak's resignation in February 2011.
Following Mubarak's resignation, Egypt underwent a turbulent transition. The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) assumed control, leading to a period of military rule. This phase was characterized by continued protests, economic instability, and clashes between civilians and security forces. In June 2012, Mohamed Morsi of the Muslim Brotherhood was elected president in Egypt's first democratic elections. However, his presidency was contentious, criticized for consolidating power and pursuing an Islamist agenda.
Morsi's constitutional declaration in November 2012, which granted him extensive powers, provoked widespread protests and political unrest. Opposition to Morsi's rule culminated in mass protests in June 2013, leading to a military coup on 3 July 2013, with Defense Minister Abdel Fattah el-Sisi removing Morsi from power.
Following the coup, a harsh crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood ensued, with many leaders arrested or fleeing the country. The period saw a significant increase in human rights violations and political repression. A new constitution was adopted in January 2014, and Sisi was elected president in June 2014.
The Egyptian Crisis of 2011-2014 significantly impacted the country's political landscape, shifting from Mubarak's long-standing autocracy to a brief democratic interlude under Morsi, followed by a return to military-dominated governance under Sisi. The crisis revealed deep societal divisions and highlighted ongoing challenges in achieving political stability and democratic governance in Egypt.