In the lead-up to the planned 22 January 2007 elections, Bangladesh experienced significant political unrest and controversy following the end of Khaleda Zia's government in October 2006. The transition period saw protests, strikes, and violence, resulting in 40 deaths over uncertainties about the leadership of the caretaker government, accused by the Awami League of favoring the BNP. Efforts by Presidential Advisor Mukhlesur Rahman Chowdhury to bring all parties together for the elections were disrupted when the Grand Alliance withdrew its candidates, demanding the publication of voters' lists.

The situation escalated when President Iajuddin Ahmed declared a state of emergency and resigned as chief adviser, appointing Fakhruddin Ahmed in his place. This move effectively suspended political activities. The new military-backed government initiated corruption cases against leaders from both major political parties, including charges against Khaleda Zia's sons, Sheikh Hasina, and Zia herself in early 2007. There were attempts by senior military officials to exclude Hasina and Zia from politics. The caretaker government also focused on strengthening the Anti Corruption Commission and the Bangladesh Election Commission.

Violence erupted at the University of Dhaka in August 2007, with students clashing with the Bangladesh Army, leading to widespread protests. The government's aggressive response, including attacks on students and faculty, sparked further demonstrations. The army eventually conceded to some demands, including the removal of an army camp from the university campus, but the state of emergency and political tensions persisted.