With the Tatars absorbed, the steppe's power dynamics centered around the Naimans, Mongols, and Kereits. Temüjin's marriage proposal for his son Jochi to one of Toghrul's daughters sparked suspicion among the Kereit elite, led by Toghrul's son Senggum, viewing it as a maneuver for control, compounded by doubts about Jochi's paternity. Jamukha further highlighted Temüjin's challenge to steppe aristocracy by promoting commoners, upsetting traditional hierarchies. Toghrul, influenced by these concerns, planned an ambush against Temüjin, which was foiled by forewarned herdsmen. Despite mobilizing some forces, Temüjin faced a significant defeat at the Battle of Qalaqaljid Sands.

Following setbacks, Temüjin retreated to Baljuna to regroup his forces. With Bo'orchu on foot and his son Ögedei injured but aided by Borokhula, Temüjin rallied all allies, instituting the Baljuna Covenant. This oath of loyalty, promising exclusivity and prestige, was made by a diverse group from nine tribes, including Christians, Muslims, and Buddhists, unified by their allegiance to Temüjin.