The development of medical science in the Islamic world saw significant advancements through the establishment and evolution of bimaristans, or hospitals, which began as mobile care units in the 7th century. These units, initially started by Rufaidah al-Asalmia, were designed to provide care in rural areas, eventually evolving into large, stationary hospitals in major cities like Baghdad, Damascus, and Cairo from the 8th century onwards. The first bimaristan was established in Damascus in 706, with others quickly following in major Islamic centers, serving not just as places of healing but also as institutions that embodied the Islamic ethic of care for all, regardless of race, religion, or social status. The establishment of the first known general hospital occurred in Baghdad in 805, initiated by Caliph Harun al-Rashid and his vizier, Yahya ibn Khalid. Despite limited historical records about this facility, its foundational model inspired the development of subsequent hospitals. By the year 1000, Baghdad had expanded its medical infrastructure to include an additional five hospitals. This pioneering hospital in Baghdad set a precedent for the organizational design that was emulated by newly constructed hospitals across the Islamic world.

Bimaristans were noted for their comprehensive care, including mental health services, and no restrictions on the duration of care until full recovery. They were well-equipped, with separate wards for different ailments and staffed by professionals who maintained high standards of hygiene and patient care, influenced by Islamic teachings on cleanliness and professional ethics. Education played a crucial role in these hospitals, serving as centers for medical training and knowledge dissemination, where students gained practical experience under the supervision of experienced physicians.

Licensing exams for physicians were introduced in the 10th century, ensuring that only qualified individuals could practice medicine. The translation of medical texts from Greek, Roman, and other traditions into Arabic significantly contributed to the knowledge base, influencing medical practice and education well into modern times.

Organizational structures within these hospitals were advanced, with departments for various specialties, administrative staff, and operations running 24 hours a day by the 10th century. They relied on charitable endowments for funding, ensuring that medical services were accessible to everyone. Islamic hospitals not only advanced medical knowledge and practice but also laid the foundation for modern hospital systems, emphasizing care for all and the integration of education within medical institutions.